Cause and effect is one way to explain things that happen around us. Many things happen because something caused or influenced them to happen. Sometimes it is hard to look at a cause and find out what caused or influenced them to happen. Sometimes it is hard to look at a cause and find out what causes the effect. It may help you to start with the effect and use your reasoning(推理的) skills. Think about all the things you know that could be reasons for the effect you can see.
For example, you may see someone putting on a heavy jacket. This is the effect. To look for a cause, think to yourself, “What would take someone put on a heavy jacket?” Maybe the person is going outside into very cold weather. Maybe the person works in the penguin pen(企鵝圈養地) at Sea World. Maybe the person is going to visit an ice skating rink where the air is kept very cold. All of these things could be a cause for putting on a heavy jacket.
Now, think about a second example. The effect is a boy named Abi has to go to the head teacher’s office. What are the possible causes? Maybe he bullied(欺負) another student. Maybe he is just being picked up early. Maybe he is being given a prize!
Here is another example for you to think about its cause and effect. Cait, 13, was trying to fall asleep when her 8-year-old brother, Doug, came into her room. He looked around a bit, but seemed really out of it. Then Doug went back into the hallway and stood there looking straight up at the hall light for quite a while. Little brothers can be very strange, but this was really much too strange. Cait’s father appeared and explained that Doug was sleepwalking. What’s the cause end effect, could you tell?
根據材料內容選擇最佳答案，并將其標號填入題前括號內。
【小題1】According to the second paragraph, which of the following is an effect?
| A．Someone puts on a heavy jacket. |
| B．Someone works in the penguin pen. |
| C．Someone will go outside into cold weather. |
| D．Someone will go to visit an ice skating rink. |
| A．He bullied another student. | B．He is going shopping. |
| C．His is being picking up early. | D．He is being given a prize. |
| A．He was going outside. | B．He was reading a story. |
| C．He was sleepwalking. | D．He was looking for his dad. |
| A．Tony got up and had a glass of water. |
| B．We came home and found him sleeping. |
| C．The ball was lost and a window was broken. |
| D．Tim was late again and his teacher got angry. |
| A．Truth and lies | B．Work and sleep |
| C．Cause and effect | D．Life and dreams |
習題精選系列答案科目：初中英語 來源：2013屆北京市密云縣中考二模英語卷（帶解析） 題型：完型填空
When I was in my ninth grade, I was on a stage-design team for a play and Mrs. Reagan was my director. Almost immediately I loved her. She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking, __1__ she was encouraging and inspiring. For some reason, she was impressed with my work and me.
Mrs. Reagan would ask me for my __2__. She wanted to know how I thought we should deal with things. At first I had no idea how to answer because I knew __3__ about stage design! But I slowly tried to answer her __4__. It was cause and effect: She believed I had opinions, so I began to make them and I completed them perfectly. She believed in me, so I began to believe in myself.
Mrs. Reagan 's motto that year was, "Try it. We can achieve it __5__!" I began to take the chances. I had been so afraid of failing but suddenly there was no failing. I learned to create something __6__.
The shy, quiet freshman achieved success that year. I was __7__ in the program as "Student Art Assistant" because of the time and effort I'd put in. It was that year that I __8__ I wanted to spend the rest of my life doing stage design.
Being on that stage-design team with Mrs. Reagan changed me completely. Not only was I stronger and more experienced than I had thought, but I also __9_ a strong interest and a world I hadn't known. She taught me not to __10__ what people think I should do. She taught me to take chances and not be __11_. Mrs. Reagan was the person who gave me confidence when I was upset. Her trust in me has encouraged me to do things that I never imagined __12__.
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科目：初中英語 來源：2013-2014學年陜西省咸陽學大教育西安分公司咸陽校區九年級1月模擬考試英語卷（解析版） 題型：閱讀理解
Too much TV-watching can harm children’s ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree，new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children．
?? One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders．Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points 1ower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs．
?? A second study, looking at nearly 1000 grown-ups in New Zealand，found lower education levels among 26-year-olds who had watched lots of TV during childhood．But the results don’t prove that TV is the cause and don’t rule out (排除) that already poorly motivated (有動機的) youngsters may watch lots of TV．
?? Their study measured the TV habits of 26- year-olds between ages 5 and 15．Those with college degrees had watched an average of less than two hours of TV per weeknight during childhood，compared with an average of more than 2.5 hours for those who had no education beyond high schoo1s．??? ‘
?? In the California study, children with TVs in their rooms but no computer at home scored the lowest，while those with no bedroom TV but who had home computers scored the highest．
?? While this study does not prove that bedroom TV sets caused the lower scores，it adds to accumulating(增加) findings that children shouldn’t have TVs in their bedrooms．
1.According to the California study, the low-scoring group might ??? .
A．have watched a lot of TV???? B．not be interested in math
C．be unable to go to college???? D．have had computers in their bedrooms
2.What is the researchers’ understanding of the New Zealand study results?
A．Poorly motivated 26-year-olds watch more TV
B．Habits of TV watching reduce learning interest．
C．TV watching leads to lower education levels of the 15-year-olds．
D．The connection between TV and education levels is difficult to explain．
3.What Can we 1earn from the last two paragraphs?
A． More time should be spent on computers．
B．Children should be forbidden from watching TV.
C．TV sets shouldn’t be allowed in children’s bedrooms．
D．Further studies on high-achieving students should be done．
4.What would be the best title for this text?
A．Computers or Television
B．Effects of Television on Children
C．Studies on TV and College Education
D．Television and Children’s Learning Habits
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科目：初中英語 來源：2013-2014學年浙江省杭州市九年級第二學期3月質量檢測英語試卷（解析版） 題型：完型填空
Whenever we hear about “the homeless”, most of us think of the Developing World. But the ? ? ? is that homelessness is everywhere. For example, how many of us would expect to see people living on the streets of a developed country like Germany?
??? Kurt Muller and his wife Rita have spent eleven years making ? ? ? for the homeless of Berlin, the capital of Germany. They first ? ? ? doing that during a long hot summer when most Germans were ? ? ? on holiday. Kurt and his wife stayed at home, made? sandwiches, ? ?? a table in the street and gave food to the homeless.
?? The Mullers soon realized that food and clothing weren’t ? ? ??? . “What these people also need is warmth and ? ?? ,” says Rita. The Mullers were always willing to give their phone number to the street people and told them to phone anytime. Rita ? ? ?? there was somebody at home to answer the phone and their home was always ? ? ?? to anyone who couldn’t face another night on the street.
??? The couple were soon ? ? ? all their time and money, so Kurt visited food and clothing companies to ? ? ? donations. Today, over thirty companies regularly donate food and other goods to the cause and volunteers help to ? ? ?? them to the homeless. The public also give clothes and money and a shoe producer even gives away new shoes.
??? Kurt and Rita receive no payment for their hard work. “We feel like parents,” says Rita, “and parents shouldn’t ? ? money for helping their children. The love we get on the streets is our salary.” Though Rita says she often gets ? ? ? , she says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a ? ? ?? in the world.
1.A. result ???? ? B. reason ??? C. fact ?? ? D. idea
2.A. meals ???????? ? B. houses ?? C. preparations D. suggestions
3.A. began ???? B. met ???? C. called ??? D. left
4.A. asleep ???? B. alone ??? C. across ?? D. away
5.A. brought up ?? B. put aside ? C. set up ???? ? D. gave away
6.A. enough ????? B. necessary ?? C. helpful ? ? D. expensive
7.A. right ?????? B. freedom ? C. courage ? D. caring
8.A. found out ???? B. made sure ?? C. looked up ?? D. worked out
9.A. open ????? B. crowded ??? C. noisy ?? ? D. near
10.A. spending ??? B. wasting ? C. costing ?? ? D. taking
11.A. pay for ???? B. ask for ?? C. look into ?? D. carry out
12.A. give away ?? B. give in ?? C. give out ? D. give up
13.A. raise ????? B. borrow ??? C. save ??? ? D. expect
14.A. surprised ?? B. excited ?? C. tired ??? ? D. shy
15.A. difference B. decision ?? C. plan ?????? ? D. rule
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科目：初中英語 來源：2010-2011年安徽省合肥市中考英語試卷 題型：閱讀理解
Being able to multitask—doing several things at the same time—is considered (考慮，認為) a welcome skill by most people. But if we consider the situation of the young people aged from eight to eighteen, we should think again.
What we often see nowadays is that young people juggle a larger number of electronic devices (電子產品) as they study. While working, they also surf on the Internet, send out emails, answer the telephone and listen to music on their iPods. In a sense, they are spending a large amount of time in fruitless efforts (努力) as they multitask.
Multitasking is even changing the relationship between family members. As young people give so much attention to their own worlds, they seem to have no time to spend with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house, nor can they eat at the family table.
Multitasking also has an effect (影響) on young people’s performance at university and in the workplace. When asked about their opinions of the effects of modern gadgets (器具) on their performance of tasks, many young people gave a positive (肯定的) response (回應). However, the response from the worlds of education and business was not quite as positive. Educators feel that multitasking by children has a serious effect on later development of study skills. They believe that many college students now need help to improve their study skills. Similarly, employers (雇主) feel that young people entering the job market need to be taught all over again, as modern gadgets have made it unnecessary (沒必要) for them to learn special skills to do their work.
1. What does the underlined word “juggle” most probably mean?
A. Want to buy. B. Use at the same time.
C. Take the place of. D. Search information from.
2.In Paragraph 3, the author points out that__________.
A. family members do not greet each other
B. family members do not eat at the family table
C. young people get on well with their families
D. young people hardly communicate with their family members
3.What’s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Young people must learn skills for future jobs.
B. Young people benefit (獲益) a lot from modern gadgets.
C. Multitasking is an important skill to young people.
D. Multitasking influences young people’s development seriously.
4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Young people think multitasking is good for their study and work.
B. Employers consider it unnecessary for young people to be taught all over again.
C. Educators feel that young people don’t need to improve their study skills.
D. People from the world of education believe multitasking has a good effect on children’s later study skills.
5. The author develops (闡述) the passage mainly by__________.
A. providing special examples
B. following the natural time order
C. giving out a cause and analyzing (分析) its effects
D. comparing opinions from different worlds
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