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　　1. 與現在的事實相反

　　1) What type of automobile would you buy ？

　　［A］ if you have free choice to choose the cars available today

　　［B］ if you are free to choose among all the cars available today

　　［C］ if all cars available were free to be chosen by you

　　［D］ if you were free to choose among all the cars available today

　　2. 與過去的事實相反(有時主句中的should have done表示責備或后悔)

　　2) he would have come to class.

　　［A］ If Mike is able to finish his homework

　　［B］ Would Mike be able to finish his homework

　　［C］ If Mike could finish his homework

　　［D］ If Mike had been able to finish his homework

　　3) If the United States had not entered the Second World War，probably the 1940 unemployment rate of 14％ still further.

　　［A］ would rise

　　［B］ would risen

　　［C］ would have risen

　　［D］ had risen

　　4) Top?grade ［A］ diamonds had not ［B］ increased so sharply ［C］ in value in the late seventies ［D］ if one company had not

controlled almost all of the world’s supply.

　　3. 與將來的事實相反

5) The report would be

［A］ released last January if new developments had not

［B］ made it necessary to revise all conclusions drawn from

［C］ the first series of

［D］ experiments.

　　6) It is said Tom will go to an appointment tommorrow. If he were to come tomorrow, I ask him to go to your place.

　　［A］ will

　　［B］ would

　　［C］ shall

　　［D］ might

　　7) If you to see Mary，what would you tell her?

　　［A］ are

　　［B］ will be going

　　［C］ must

　　［D］ were

　　4. 與將來的事實可能相反

　　(1) If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. 要是萬一 明天下雨，我就呆在家里不出去。 事實上 現在天氣很好，明天下雨的可能性應該不大，不過也說不準。

　　(2) If I should see her next Monday, I would tell her about it. 如果下周一我能見到她的話我就把這件事告訴她。

　　1) D為正確答案。

　　2) D為正確答案。

　　3) C為正確答案。

　　4) B錯。改為would have not。

　　5) A錯。改為would have been。

　　6) B為正確答案。

　　7) D為正確答案。

　　II 虛擬語氣的特殊表現形式

　　1) Violetta has a curious ［A］ expression on ［B］ her face as though she was smiling ［C］ about something that amused her ［D］ .

　　We dare not play jokes on Mr. Wang lest he should become angry. (我們不敢跟王先生開玩笑，恐怕他生氣。)

　　He hurried on, lest he should drop out in the forced match. (他加緊步伐，生怕在急行軍中掉隊。)

　　Every attention must be paid to him lest he (should) feel that he is inferior to my other guests. (我對他特別關照，唯恐他感覺到比我的其他客人低人一等。)

　　He’s working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam. (他加緊學習唯恐考試不及格。)

　　He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失敗了。)

　　We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假設我們有更有利條件，我們還會做得更好。)

　　2) But for his help，I .

　　［A］ should not have succeeded

　　［B］ had not succeeded

　　［C］ did not succeed

　　［D］ have not succeeded

　　3) The complex society of a modern ［A］ civilization would be ［B］ impossible not having ［C］ the art of writing ［D］ .

　　4) But that he came to help me, I .

　　［A］ could not have succeeded

　　［B］ did not succeed

　　［C］ could not succeed

　　［D］ can’t but succeed

　　If I had a bike(now), I would have lent it to you yesterday. 假如我有自行車，昨天早就借給你了。(主句與過去事實相反，從句與現在事實相反。) I am very sorry if I had done anything wrong to you, but I am sure that it was unintentional.(如果我當時對你作錯了什么事，我向你表示抱歉。但我敢保證我不是故意的。)

　　5) If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1955，the housing problems now in some parts of this country so serious.

　　［A］ wouldn’t be

　　［B］ will not have been

　　［C］ wouldn’t have been

　　［D］ would have not been

　　6) If you had not studied the problem carefully until recently .

　　［A］ you will find any difficulty now

　　［B］ you would have found any difficulty now

　　［C］ you would find any difficulty now

　　［D］ you have find any difficulty now

　　五、省略虛擬條件句：虛擬條件從句中的謂語動詞如果是were或should(could, might), had等詞時，可以省略連詞If, 但要將were或should(could, might), had助動詞移至主語前形成句子例裝(參見第十三章“倒裝句”)

　　7) today, he would get there by Thursday.

　　［A］ He is starting out

　　［B］ If he starts out

　　［C］ Would he start out

　　［D］ Were he to start out.

　　8) ，John would not have failed.

　　［A］ If he has listened to me

　　［B］ Had he listened to me

　　［C］ If he listened to me

　　［D］ As soon as he listened to me

　　9) I known it，I should have told him.

　　［A］ Have

　　［B］ Had

　　［C］ Having

　　［D］ If

　　10) Hadn’t my car broken down，I the train.

　　［A］ should have caught

　　［B］ might catch

　　［C］ could catch

　　［D］ had caught

　　六、例題解析

　　1) C錯。 改為were smiling。

　　2) A為正確答案。

　　3) C錯。 改為without。

　　4) A為正確答案。

　　5) A為正確答案。

　　6) C為正確答案。

　　7) D為正確答案。

　　8) B為正確答案。

　　9) B為正確答案。此句為had放句首的一種倒裝，相當于If I had……

　　10) A為正確答案。

　　III 從句中須用虛擬語氣的情況

　　1. 動詞wish后跟由that引導的賓語從句(that經常被省略)要用虛擬語氣表示一種不可實現的愿望。賓語從句中用過去時(be 用were的形式)表示與現在事實相反,用過去完成時表示與過去相反

　　She wishes she had more money. (她真希望有更多的錢。) / I wish I didn't say that. (要是我不說這件事就好了。) / I wished I were not so worried. Then I would not have had the accident. ( 我要是不那么憂郁就好了，那也就不會發生那場事故了。)

　　1) I wish I knew ［A］ you were arriving ［B］ today. I would have met ［C］ you at ［D］ the station if I had.

　　2) She wishes that we didn’t send ［A］ her the candy ［B］ yesterday because ［C］ she’s on ［D］ a diet.

　　3) My brother is in ［A］ California on ［B］ vacation，but I wish he was ［C］ here so that he could help me repair my car ［D］ .

　　2. 當wish的賓語從句表示一種愿望、要求時，可用過去時，也可用would＋動詞原形

　　I wish you would stay here longer. (我希望你在這兒多呆一會。) / She wishes you wouldn't go. (她希望你不要走。)

　　3. would rather(寧愿),would sooner(寧愿), had rather(寧愿) 等詞或短語后面的從句中的謂語動詞應使用一般過去時表示虛擬語氣，表示與過去相反的也可用過去完成時

　　4) I’d rather you anything about it for the time being.

　　［A］ do

　　［B］ didn’t do

　　［C］ don’t

　　［D］ didn’t

　　5) I rather you did it.

　　［A］ had

　　［B］ should

　　［C］ shall

　　［D］ have

　　6) I much rather it was forgotten.

　　［A］ will

　　［B］ could

　　［C］ would

　　［D］ shall

　　1. 下列動詞后“that”引導的賓語從句

　　suggest(建議)， propose (提議)， recommend(建議)， move (提議)， advise(建議)， insist(堅持)， urge(極力主張)， ask, require, request(要求), demand, desire, order, command(命令), decide, intend(打算)， prefer(寧愿)， urge(敦促)。

　　7) The chairman requested that .

　　［A］ the members studied more carefully the problem

　　［B］ the problem was more carefulnessly studied

　　［C］ with more carefulness the problem could be studied

　　［D］ the members study the problem more carefully

　　8) The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting.

　　［A］ would be discussed

　　［B］ will be discussed

　　［C］ be discussed

　　［D］ may be discussed

　　9) The doctor insisted that his patient .

　　［A］ that he not work too hard for three months

　　［B］ take it easy for three months

　　［C］ taking it easy inside of three months

　　［D］ to take some vacations for three months

　　When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ” (當我建議他用刮胡膏時，他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)

　　He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費了幾天功夫尋找理論根據，直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉動的。)

　　One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English?speaking country. (我們建議學生應在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)

　　2. 下列表示主張、要求、命令、愿望、建議等概念結構后的主語從句或邏輯上的主從結構(如下列形容詞作賓語從句的補足語時，這時賓語從句一般用it來代替)：這時that所引導的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用“should ＋ 動詞原形”或省略should，只用動詞原形　it is necessary 【 essential (重要的)， vital(極重要的，不可缺少的)，important,imperative(必須的)，urgent(緊要的)，advisable(應該的)，proper(適當的)，obligatory (必須的)，desirable(今人滿意的，值得的)，appropriate(合適的)，fitting (合適的), strange (奇怪)】that…； it is(was, has been) desired 【suggested , requested, ordered , proposed, dicided】 that … .

　　10) From the standpoint of the long?term strategic interest of the West it is imperative that .

　　［A］ their territorial unity being a safeguard

　　［B］ their unity is a territorial safeguard

　　［C］ they’re a territorial safeguard

　　［D］ their territorial unity be a safeguard

　　11) The irritable ［A］ sergeant was ［B］ insistent that nothing supersedes ［C］ the drilling(訓練) of the forty new men ［D］ .

　　12) It is extremely ［A］ necessary that you will realize ［B］ that reading is not only ［C］ a physical ［D］ and metal process.

　　3. 下列表示主張、要求、命令等概念的名詞后面可以跟接“that”引導的表語從句和同位語從句。這種由that引導的從句其謂語動詞通常用should＋動詞原形

或省略should。這類詞有：order, request, requiremetn, insistence，suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion(提議)，

proposal(建議)，recommendation(建議)，understanding(協議), resolution(決定，決議)

　　13) The judge assented to the suggestion that .

　　［A］ both of the criminals will soon be set freedom

　　［B］ some of the criminals there are of guilt only

　　［C］ the girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare society

　　［D］ the prisoner be sentenced to death

　　4. 在expect, believe, think, suspect等動詞的否定或疑問形式后的賓語從句，我們經常用“should＋動詞原形(或完成形式)”，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿等

　　I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我們從來沒想到他是個如此勇敢的小戰士。

　　14) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?

　　［A］ It is believed

　　［B］ Should they believe

　　［C］ They would believe

　　［D］ If they would believe

　　15) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.

　　［A］ will leave

　　［B］ may leave

　　［C］ leave

　　［D］ leaves

　　5. 另外，在“開放式條件句”(open conditional clause)和讓步狀語從句中should是被省略了的。在這種情況下，如果if省略，動詞be與主語的位置要倒裝

　　If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有權起訴。)

　　Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是對還是錯，我都會支持她的。)

　　16) ,I will take her as my wife.

　　［A］ Were she rich or poor

　　［B］ Being rich or poor

　　［C］ Be she poor or rich

　　［D］ Whether is she poor or rich

　　但如果把引導詞去掉，我們就要用倒裝句，如上述幾句可變為

　　Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

　　Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.

　　It is high time that you went home. (你們現在必須回家了。)

　　It is high time that this wrong spending .

　　［A］ checks

　　［B］ checked

　　［C］ was checked

　　［D］ is to check

　　答案： C。

　　此外，還有省去了結果主句的虛擬結構，一般表示愿望，如： If only I were five years younger! (要是能年輕5歲就好了。) / If only she had never

been married. (要是她從沒有結婚就好了。)

　　1) A錯。改為had known。第二句的條件從句(if I had)其實是省略句，完整的句子應為if I had known you were arriving today，所以A處為had known。

　　2) A錯。改為hadn’t sent。

　　3) C錯。改為were。

　　4) B為正確答案。

　　5) A為正確答案。

　　6) C為正確答案。

　　7) D 為正確答案。

　　8) C為正確答案。

　　9) B為正確答案。

　　10) D為正確答案。

　　11) C錯。改為(should) supersede。

　　12) B錯。改為realize。

　　13) D為正確答案。

　　14) B 為正確答案。

　　15) C 為正確答案。

　　16) C為正確答案。

　　虛擬語氣是以動詞的特殊形式來說明句中所敘述的內容不是事實，或是不可能發生的事情，而是一種愿望、建議或是與事實相反的一種假設。虛擬語氣通常出現在各種主從復合句中。

　　1．當主句的謂語動詞為“suggest，propose，advise，insist，order，demand，require，request， desire’’等表示“建議”、“命令”、“請求”和“要求”的動詞時，其后的賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣“should+動詞原形”(在美國英語中 should省略)。例如：

　　I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting tonight．我建議我們今晚開個會。

　　We advise that steps(should)be taken at once．我們建議要立刻采取措施。

　　They insisted that he(should)begin the work at once．他們堅持讓他立刻開始工作。

　　He ordered that aU(should)take part in the work．他下令所有的人都要參加這項工作。

　　另外，當主句動詞為“ask，move，urse”等意為 “要求”、 “提議”和“極力主張”時，其賓語從句也常用虛擬語氣。例如：

　　He asked that he be given an opportunity to try．他要求給他一個嘗試的機會。

　　I move that the money be used for books． 我提議把這筆錢用于買書。

　　They urged that we take action on this matter immediately．他們極力主張我們對這件事立即采取行動。

　　2．當主句動詞為wish，表示“但愿……”，“要是……該多好叼”之意時，其后的賓語從句有以下三種虛擬語氣形式。

　　①動詞用過去式來說明與現在的事實相反(BE動詞常用were，但有時也可用was)。例如：

　　1 wish 1 were／Was as strong as you．我要是像你一樣強壯就好了。

　　1 wish l remembered his address．我要是記住他的地址就好了。

　　有時；為了強調現在狀態下能發生某種情況或進行某項動作，從句中的動詞也可用過去進行式。例如：

　　1 wish it wasn’t raining．要是天不下雨就好了。

　　②動詞用過去完成式說明與過去的事實相反。例如：

　　We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation．我們以前要是能更注意我們的發音就好了。

　　He wished he had stayed at home。他但愿他呆在了家里。

　　③情態動詞“would，could，might”等后接動詞原形，表示對將來的希望(通常不用should)。例如：

　　1 wish he would try again．我希望他再試一下。

　　We wish he could come．我們希望他能來。

　　3．在prefer之后的賓語從句中用“should+動詞原形”(should可省略)。例如：

　　We prefer that the plan(should)be fully discussed before being put into execution．我們希望在計劃實施之前進行認真的討論。

　　4．在would rather之后的賓語從句中，其動詞用虛擬語氣，表示句子的主語(某人)寧愿讓另一人做某事。

　　①用動詞過去式表示現在或將來要做的事。例如：

　　I’d rather you went home now．我寧愿讓你現在就回家。

　　Don’t come tomorrow．I’d rather you came nextweekend．明天別來，我寧愿你下個周末來。

　　一Shall l open a window?我開窗行嗎？ 一I’d rather you didn’t．你最好別開。

　　②用動詞的過去完成式表示過去的動作。

　　例如：

　　I’d rather you hadn’t done that．我真希望(寧愿)你沒做過那件事。

　　1．在句型“h is／was+過去分詞+that從句”中，當過去分詞為“suggested，ordered，desired，insisted， required，demanded，requested，decided，

proposed，urged’’等時，從句中要用“should+動詞原形”(should可省略)。例如：

　　h is desired that everyone(should)get erything ready bY toniShL要求每一個人在今晚之前要將一切準備好。

　　It is requested that Miss Zhang(should) give a performance at the party．請求張小姐在晚會上表演一個節目。

　　2．在句型“h is／Was+形容詞+that從句”中，當形容詞為“important,necessary，strange，natural’’等時，從句中要用“should+動詞原形”(should可

省略)。例如：

　　It is important and necessary that we should master a foreign language．掌握一門外語對我們來說是重要的和必要的。

　　It is strange that he (should) refuse your help．他竟然拒絕你們的幫助，真奇怪。

　　3．在句型“h is／was+名詞+that從句” 中，當名詞為“a pity，a shame，no wonder’等時，從句中要用“should+動詞原形”(should可省略)。例如：

　　It is a great pity that he should be sO selfish。真遺憾，他竟然那么自私。

　　在名詞“suggestion,proposal,idea,plan，order,advice’’等后面的同位語從句或表語從句中，用“should+動詞原形”(should可省略)。例如：

　　I made a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week．我提出了我們下個星期開會的建議。(同位語從句)

　　His suggestion that the meeting(shoald)be held in this room has been accepted．他的關于在這個房間召開會議的建議被采納了。(同位語從句)

　　My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference．我的想法是我們多找些人來參加會議。(表語從句)

　　在句型“h is(high)time+(that)從句”中，謂語須用虛擬語氣。用過去式表示現在或將來的意念，意為“現在是該做某事的時候了”。

　　例如：

　　h iS(hieh)time(that)we went home．我們該回家了。

　　五、在狀語從句中

　　1．在假設條件句的if條件從句中

　　假設條件句一般是由“if引導的條件從句+主句”構成。if從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的形式。if從句的假設可以是與現在事實相反的條件、與過去事實相反的條件或者與將來不太可能成為事實的條件。下面分述表示這三種條件的if從句的結構：

　　①與現在的事實相反，其句子結構為“If+主語+were／謂語動詞的過去式”。例如：

　　If 1 were you，I shouldn’t do that．如果我是你，就不會做那件事了。

　　We would gO with you if we had time．如果我們有時間的話，就和你一道去了。

　　We could ask him if he were here．如果他在這兒，我們就可以問他了。

　　②與過去的事實相反，其句子結構為“If十主語+謂語動詞的過去完成式”。例如：

　　If he had seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it如果昨天他見到你，他就會問你那件事了。

　　If you had come earlier，you would have met him．如果你早點兒來，就會遇到他了。

　　1 would have called you if I had known your telephone number．如果我知道你的電話號碼，就打電話給你了。

　　③表示將來不太可能實現的條件，其句子結構為“If+主語+動詞過去式／were to+動詞原形／should+動詞原形”。例如：

　　If he came tomorrow,he would find me in the schoo1．如果他明天來的話，會在學校找到我。

　　If it should rain，the crops would be saved．如果下雨，莊稼就有救了。

　　If it were to snow tomorrow，they would not go out．如果明天下雪，他們就不出去了。

　　注：在if從句中，如果含有“were，should，had’’時，可省去if而將“were，should，had’’置于句首，構成倒裝句。例如：

　　Were l in your position，1 would go．如果我處在你的位子上，我就走了。

　　Had you arrived five minutes earlier，you could have seen them off．如果你早到五分鐘，

　　你就可以給他們送行了。

　　Should he come，tell him to ring me up．如果他來的話，叫他打電話給我。

　　2．在目的狀語從句中

　　①在由lest

　　和in case等引導的目的狀語從句中，用“should+動詞原形” (should可省略)。例如：

　　He ran away lest he(should)be seen．他跑走了，以免被人看到。

　　She explained again and again in case he (should)misunderstand her．她解釋了一遍又一遍，以免他誤解她。

　　in case等引導的目的狀語從句中的謂語有時也可用陳述語氣。此時，從句表示的就是真實情況，而不是虛擬情況。例如：

　　Take warm clothes in case the weather iS cold．帶上厚衣服，以防天氣變冷。

　　②在由“so that…”和“in order that…”

　　引導的目的從句中，要用“can／could／may／might／would+動詞原形”，以表示目的并非事實。例如：

　　She stayed at home for a few days sO that

　　she might／could take care of her sick mother． 她在家呆了幾天，以便照顧她生病的母親。

　　③在由“for fear that…”引導的從句中，用“should+動詞原形”(有時也可用may／might／would)。例如：

　　He worked hard for fear that he should fail．他努力學習，害怕考試不及格。

　　3．在方式狀語從句中

　　由as if和as though等引導的方式狀語從句中，如果從句所表達的情況是虛擬的，則①常用動詞的過去式來表示與現在或當時的情況相反；如果是BE動詞，則用were；②常用過去完成式來表示與過去的情況相反。例如：

　　She loves the child as if he were her own．她愛這孩子就好像是她親生的。

　　(實際上不是她親生的孩子)

　　Holding his head high，he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn’t exist．他昂著頭從旗桿和衛兵身旁走過，就像他們不存在似的。(實際上他們是存在的)

　　He speaks English as well as if he had studied in England．他英語說得這么好，好像他去英國學過英語似的。(實際上他沒有在英國學過英語)

　　4．在原因狀語從句中

　　I’m sorry that he should be in such poor health．他的身體這么差讓我很難過。

　　We were surprised that she should be so stubbom．她這么固執讓我們感到奇怪。

　　上述句子有時也可以用陳述語氣，但這僅表示所敘述的是事實，而不表示講話人的情緒。