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如何進行閱讀理解訓(xùn)練

閱讀理解能力是衡量外語水平的重要標(biāo)志之一，對絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生來說，閱讀理解，也是他們將來直接運用外語能力的一個最重要的方面。

一、閱讀理解的目的

近年來，國內(nèi)高考NMET試題短文閱讀理解共計45分（含補全對話5分），是分值最高的一道大題，為什么這種題的分值這么高？其訓(xùn)練的目的又是什么呢？通過十年的教學(xué)體會，我們總結(jié)歸納為以下兩點：

1.提高學(xué)生對書面外語的閱讀能力：即懂得按照不同的閱讀目的，采用不同的閱讀方法，進而提高閱讀的速度。

2.提高學(xué)生對書面外語的理解能力：即獲取具體信息的能力，對閱讀材料進行分析、推理與判斷的能力以及對閱讀內(nèi)容進行評價的能力。分析、推理與判斷的能力以及對閱讀內(nèi)容進行評價的能力。

閱讀的目的是理解，閱讀能力直接為理解服務(wù)。理解能力是閱讀能力的演化。這就是閱讀與理解的辨證關(guān)系。在實際教學(xué)中教師應(yīng)處理好這一關(guān)系。

二、閱讀理解考查的重點

NMET閱讀理解題，有議論文、記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文、對話等等，涉及社會教育、風(fēng)俗文化、史地知識、科技、政治、經(jīng)濟、日常生活、傳記、人物等諸多方面。這種試題題型一般包括一些信息題、是非題和推理、演算題等等。其測試的重點不外乎有以下幾點：

1.字面理解試題(literal comprehension)

這是一種最簡單的試題，其特點是答案明確具體，一般從閱讀材料中可以直接找到答案。如辨認(rèn)文章中事件發(fā)生的時間、順序，人物的外貌、特征，它們與事件的因果關(guān)系。

2.推斷理解試題(inferential comprehension)

這種題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章結(jié)構(gòu)，掌握所讀材料的主旨、大意以及說明主旨和大意的事實和細節(jié)。既要理解具體的事實，也要理解抽象的概念；既要理解字面意思，也要理解深層含義，或弦外之音，分析作者提出的觀點、態(tài)度，進而從字里行間推測作者沒有說明的意圖、含蓄的內(nèi)容，從中悟出作者的目的。

3.綜合評價試題(evaluation)

這是閱讀理解中最高的一個層次。它要求學(xué)生能憑著他們應(yīng)有的常識、價值觀，充分運用閱讀材料以及自己的閱讀經(jīng)驗對閱讀內(nèi)容做出自己的分析與評價。如：

 For many years,no one could communicate with people who had been born without hearing.These deaf people were not able-to use a spoken language. But beginning in the 1700s,the deaf were taught a special la-nguage.Using the language,they could share thoughts and ideas with others.The language they used was a language without sou-nd. It was a sign language.

How did this sign language work?The deaf were taught to m-ake certain movements using their hands,faces,and bodies.These movements stood for things and ideas.A man might move his fo-refing er across his lips.This meant:"You are not telling the truth."He might tap his chin with three f ingers.This meant".my uncle"The deaf were also taught to use afinger alphabet.They used their fi ngers to make the letters of the alphabet.In this way,they spelled out words.Some deaf people co uld spe-ll out words at a speed of 130 words per minute.

Sign language and finger spelling are not used as much asthey once were.Today the deaf are t aught to understand othersby watching their lips.They are taught how to speak.

1.The story does not say so,but it makes you think that______.

A.the deaf must have special tenchers

B.there is still no way to communicate with the deaf

C.deaf people make signs to make a living

D.deaf people are not as clever as nomal people

（答案是：A 屬推斷理解題）

2.On the whole the story is about_____

A.how the deaf communicate

B.learning to spell

C.teaching the deaf to speak

D.writing sign languages

（答案是：A 屬綜合評價題）

3.How did sign language help the deaf?

A.It helped them to learn to read

B.The deaf could understand Indian sign language

C.It helped them communicate with other people

D.The deaf could move their thumbs across their lips

（答案是：C屬字面理解題）

四、閱讀中存在的問題