2009年英語備考素材：高考知識點匯集
非謂語動詞
分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。
它分為現在分詞和過去分詞兩類。
現在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在于現在分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞則只有一般式。
現在分詞表動作正在進行，表主動。過去分詞及物動詞表動作已經完成，表被動。
過去分詞不及物動詞表動作已經完成，表主動。
分詞使用中的幾個問題
1、現在分詞的完成式
Having cleaned the room, I went out.
2、現在分詞的否定式
Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.
3、現在分詞與過去分詞的不同
現在分詞表示主動、正在，過去分詞表示被動、完成
I found the man killed there.
I found the man standing there.
4、have結構
We have the car repaired.
We have repaired the car.
We have Tom repair the car.
We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.
5、分詞作表語
We were excited at the news.
The football game is exciting.
6、獨立主格結構
It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.
II． 例題
例1、Time_______， I'll go on a picnic with you.
A. permits B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting
解析：該題答案為D。 Time permitting…是獨立主格結構，意為"如果時間允許的話…"
例2、_______ if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a heavy smoker.
A. Ask B. To ask C. Asked D. Asking
解析：該題答案為C。主語she是被問。
情態動詞與助動詞
I． 要點
助動詞本身無意義，在句中幫助主要動詞構成一定的時態，語態、語氣，或是幫助構成否定句和疑問句，常用的助動詞有
be, do, have, shall(should), will(would).
情態動詞表一定的詞義，本身并不表示動作或狀態，而僅僅表達說話人的態度，它在句中須和主要動詞一起構成謂語，
主要的情態動詞有can(could), may (might), must, have to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.
1.可以，表說話人同意，許可還可表客觀條件許可，
如:You can go now.
提建議或請求時可用can I, can you表客氣，
如Can I buy you a drink?
an和be able to表能力時的區別。
n表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定條件下的能力，
如:Although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.
2、may
（1）可以，表說話人同意，許可或請求對方許可。You may go.
（2）（現在和將來）可能，也許，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如He may not be right.
3、must, have to
must表主觀上的必須，have to表客觀上的必須，
如:It's getting late. I have to go. -Must I go now. Yes, you must.
(No, you needn't./ No, you don't have to.)
4、need, dare這二詞有實意動詞和情態動詞兩種詞性，如用作實意動詞后接動詞不定式to do，
如用作情態動詞后接動詞原形。Need I go now? --Yes, you must./No, you needn't.)
5、shall用于第一人稱疑問句中表說話人征求對方的意見或向對方請求，
如，Shall we begin our lesson?
用于二、三人稱陳述句，表說話人命令、警告、允諾、威脅等口吻，
如: You shall fail if you don't work harder.
6、should表應該，意為有責任，有義務。
如:We should try our best to make our country more beautiful.
7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，
如 "Will you lend me your book?" "Yes, I will."，
8、should have done表應該做而未做
must have done表對過去事實的肯定推測
could have done表本可以做某事
9、判斷句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might
He must be in the office now.
He must have gone to bed, for the light is out.
He can't be in the office. He is at home.
He couldn't have cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today.
He might be in the office, I am not sure.
He might have cleaned the room, I suppose.
句子種類
I． 要點
句子按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句；按結構又分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。
1、陳述句的否定
（1） 在含有賓語從句的主從復合句中，當主句的謂語動詞是think, expect, believe, suppose, guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主語是第一人稱時，賓語從句謂語的否定習慣上要移到主句謂語上，如: I don't think he is right.
（2） 含有否定意義的副詞never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子應視為否定句，
如: I have never been there before.
2、反意疑問句
（1） need和dare 既可作情態動詞，又可作實意動詞，在反問部分須加以區別，
如We needn't leave, need we?
We don't need to leave, do we?
（2） 陳述部分出現否定意義的副詞或代詞如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等時，反問部分須用肯定形式如： He seldom comes, does he?
（3） 陳述部分用不定代詞作主語時，反問部分的主語用it ，如：Nothing can stop me, can it?
陳述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主語時，反問部分常用it，有時也用they，如:Everybody knows that, don't they?
（4） 陳述部分包括used to 時，反問部分可有兩種形式，
如: You used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you?
（5） 陳述部分是"there + be"結構時，反問部分用there，如:There's something wrong with you, isn't there?
（6） 陳述部分是含有賓語從句的主從復合句時，反問部分的主語和謂語應和主句保持一致，如: He never told others what he thought, did he?
但，如果是I think , I believe等 +賓語從句時，反問部分須和從句的動詞保持一致，
如，I don't think he is right, is he?
I don't believe he does that, does he?
3、感嘆句
用what或how,
What a beautiful park it is!
How beautiful a park it is!
How beautiful the park is!
How we worked!
4、祈使句
Take care!
Don't stand there.
Please open the door for the old lady.
II．例題
例1，Don't forget to post the letter, _______ ?
A. will you B. do you C. won't you D. shall you
解析：該題答案為A， 在否定句、祈使句后只用"will you"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，Wait for me, will (won't, can, can't, could) you?
例2，Let's go out for a walk, _______ ?
A. will you B. won't you C. shall we D. do we
解析：該題答案為C，let's…后加上shall we來表語氣婉轉、客氣，而在let us后加上will you。
例3，He hardly writes to you, _______ ?
A. doesn't he B. does he C. do they D. has he
解析：該題答案為B，hardly否定副詞，反問部分要用肯定形式。
各種從句
I．要點
根據從句在句中的句法功能，從句可分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。
1、 名詞性從句
（1） 主語從句
What he wants is a piece of paper.
It is believed that he can solve the problem.
注：主語從句的謂語動詞用單數。
（2）賓語從句
I don't know how to solve the problem.
Do you know where he lives?
（3）表語從句
The problem is who can help me.
This is why I came here.
（4）同位語從句
I have no idea where he went.
I heard the news that he would come.
同位語從句用that引導，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等詞后，that在從句中不作任何成分。
2、定語從句
在復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，或修飾整個主句的從句叫做定語從句，引導定語從句的關系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和關系副詞when, where, why。
（1）that指物時一般可與which互換，但在下列情況下，要用that而不用which。
a. 先行詞有all, everything等不定代詞時，如，
Everything (that) he did is wrong.
b. 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時，如，
I'll read all the books (that) you lend me.
c. 先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時，
This is the first letter (that) the boy has written.
d. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時，如
He is the very man (that) I'm looking for.
e. 只用which的情況
在介詞后或在非限定性定語從句中
This is the book about which we have talked a lot.
The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting.
f. where和when作關系副詞
This is the room where I worked.
This is the room which I stayed in.
I remembered the day when we lived there.
I remembered the day that I spent there.
g. as和which
as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以
As you know, he is good at English.
three of them 和three of which
I have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian.
I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian.
3、狀語從句
在復合句中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句可分為時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結果狀語、條件狀語、行為方式狀語、比較狀語、讓步狀語等多種。
II． 例題
例1、 _______ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when
解析：該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用，if不可以，此外if一般僅用于賓語從句。
例2、The way _______ these comrades look at problems is wrong.
A. where B. in that C.X D. with which
解析：該題答案為C，先行詞是way，定語從句中用that或 in which來引導或不填。
例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time.
A．It was B. It is C. It had been D. It can be
解析：該題答案為B，It is +時間數+ since引導的從句是一個句型，意為"從…時候以來過了多久了。"
主謂一致
I． 要點
謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致，主謂一致包括語法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。 1、語法上一致
（1）以單數名詞或代詞，動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數，主語為復數時，謂語用復數，如， To work hard is necessary for a student.
（2）用and或both……and連接的并列主語，謂語動詞用復數，
如， Both he and I are right.
但并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數，
如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
（3）主語是單數時，盡管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with,
together with, like等，謂語動詞仍用單數，
如，The teacher as well as his students is excited.
（4）某些不定代詞，如做主語，謂語動詞要用單數，如:Everyone has a book.
（5）一些只有復數形式的名詞，如people, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞要用復數，
如，A lot of people are dancing outside.
2、意義上一致
（1）、表時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數，
如，Twenty years is not a long time.
（2）、表示總稱意義的名詞public, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞用復數，如，
People are talking about the accident.
（3）、有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語，如作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數，如指其中每個成員，則用復數，如，
My family is a big one.
My family are watching TV.
3、鄰近一致
用連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數，一個是復數，則謂語動詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致，如，
Either you or I am mad.
II．例題
例1、 The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.
A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built
解析：該題答案為A。works形式上是復數，意思上是單數，因此謂語動詞用單數，類似的還有news, maths, politics, physics.
例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics.
A. have B. has C. having D. gets
解析：該題答案為A。They each不等于each of …, each of 這個詞組作主語謂語用單數如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主語，謂語要隨each前面的詞來變化。
倒裝
I．要點
按"主語+謂語"這種順序排列的句子是陳述語序，如果變為"謂語（或謂語的一部分）+主語"，就是倒裝語序。
1、全部倒裝
（1）there be 句型
There is going to be a meeting.
There is a book on the table.
（2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副詞置于句首時，主謂倒裝，但如果主語是人稱代詞時，主語和謂語語序不倒裝，如，
Here comes the bus.
Here he comes.
（3）直接引語的部分或全部位于句首時，有時也用倒裝，
如，"What he said meant nothing", said the teacher.
（4）為保持句子平衡，強調表語或狀語，使上下文緊密銜接時須完全倒裝，
如，In front of the house sat a small boy.
2、部分倒裝
（1）so, neither, nor置于句首說明與前者情況一致時，如，
I like swimming, so does my brother.
（2）only +狀語放在句首，如，
Only through this method can we win.
Only in this way can we do the work well.
（3）含有否定意義的詞置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，
如，Never had I heard that. Little did I know about this.
（4）以often, so +形容詞或副詞開頭的句子，如，
So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.
（5）用于省略if的虛擬條件句中，將had, were, should提前，如，
Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
Had he come, we would have won.
（6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如，
May you be happy for ever.
II．例題
例1、Not only ____ this machine but ____ it.
A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……he can repair
C. he can run……he can repair D. he can run……can he repair
解析：該題答案為B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒裝，but后面仍是正常語序。
例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）.
A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is
C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond
解析：該題答案為B，在讓步狀語從句中，從屬連詞as可以表示though，但要用倒裝語序。
例3、Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there.
A. can you hope B. you can hope C. hope can D. you hope
解析：該題答案為A，
省略
I．要點
有時為了避免重復，使語言簡練緊湊，在不損害結構或引起誤解的原則下，往往省去一個或多個句子成分或詞語。
１、 固定習慣用詞。如：
No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。
2. 簡單句中的省略
（１） 口語中，一、二、三人稱的主語，有時還包括謂語都可以省略。
解析：該題答案為C。該空處省略了I'm,相當于while
I'm doing my home work.如：While
playing ,guitar, he is singing.
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